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　　为什么昆虫的血是绿色的或是黄色的?

Why Is Insect Blood Green Or Yellow?

为什么昆虫的血是绿色的或是黄色的?

You’ve probably heard someone use the phrase “blood red,” but have you ever wondered if all blood really is red? For example, think about the bugs you’ve seen splatter against your car’s windshield, leaving behind a clear, yellowish, or greenish liquid. That liquid, is hemolymph, or insect blood.

你可能听到有些人这样说“血红色”，但是你是否想过是不是所有的血都是红色的?举个例子，想一想你所见过的臭虫撞到你汽车的挡风玻璃上时，留下一滩清楚的，黄色或是绿色的液体。这种液体是昆虫的淋巴液，或许是昆虫的血。

Insect Blood

昆虫的血液

The blood of an insect functions differently than the blood of a human. In humans, blood gets its red color from hemoglobin, which travels through blood vessels carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Insect blood, however, does not carry gasses and has no hemoglobin. Instead, bugs have a system of tubes that transport gasses directly between their cells and the outside air.

昆虫血和人类的血在功能上大不相同。对人类来说，血液之所以呈现红色是因为有血红蛋白，血红蛋白通过血管从肺部向全身各处运输氧气。而对于昆虫来说，血液既不会运输任何气体，也没有血红蛋白，相反地，昆虫的身体中有一个管路系统，可以直接在细胞核外界空气中进行气体运输

In fact, insects don’t even have blood vessels. Instead there is a hollow space inside their external skeleton in which their blood oozes around. This cavity extends to the antennas, legs, and wing veins. The bug’s heart, a long tube that stretches the length of its body, pushes the blood from the rear end of the insect on forward. The bug may also have little hearts at the ends of its extremities to help move the blood along.

事实上，昆虫甚至没有血管，取而代之的是外骨架内部的空洞，血液可以在周围渗出。这种腔体结构延伸至触角，腿和翅膀。昆虫的心脏，一条绵延整个身体的长管子，将血液从身体的末端推到前面。昆虫在四肢处也可能有少许心脏来帮助血液流动。

Pigment

色素

Pumping blood is a slow process: it takes about eight minutes for an insect’s blood to circulate completely. Like human blood, bug blood carries nutrients and hormones to the insect’s cells. The greenish or yellowish color of insect blood comes from the pigments of the plants the bug eats.

泵血是一个缓慢的过程：昆虫全身血液完全循环一次大约需要八分钟。类似于人类血液，昆虫血液运载营养和激素到昆虫细胞中。昆虫血液中的绿色或者黄色来自于昆虫吃的植物的色素。

　　美国宇航局教你如何防滑

NASA Wants To Teach You About Hydroplaning

美国宇航局教你如何防滑

What is hydroplaning?

什么是打滑现象?

Hydroplaning happens when a vehicle moves too quickly along a wet road. A layer of water accumulates under the tires; they lift up and lose traction; the driver loses control.

当车辆在潮湿的路面上开得太快时会出现打滑现象。轮胎下聚积的一层水会抬高轮胎，失去附着摩擦力，驾驶员会失去对车辆的控制。

NASA?

美国国家航空航天局?

Now, what does NASA have to do with hydroplaning? Here’s an historical look at the science story. Hydroplaning is a relatively new phenomenon for humans, given that the combination of high speed and smooth pavement that’s necessary has only fairly recently become possible.

美国国家航空航天局与打滑现象有什么关系呢?我们来看下科学的历史。打滑现象对人们来说是相对较新的现象，因为高速和光滑的人行道也是最近相对才有的。

In fact, it wasn’t until 1957 that a tire treadmill study first experimentally demonstrated hydroplaning “in action.” That study was motivated by airplanes. Hydroplaning had been causing a lot of problems for pilots landing on wet runways.

事实上，直到1957年一台带轮胎的踏车最先通过试验演示了打滑现象的存在。那项研究是由飞机引发的灵感。飞行员降落在潮湿跑道上，打滑现象已经给他们造成了大量的问题。

Here’s where NASA comes in. NASA scientists wanted to figure out what hydroplaning was all about. So, they collected a lot of data, and produced a mathematical formula to illustrate how quickly a vehicle could travel on a wet surface before entering hydroplane mode.

这也是NASA介入的原因。NASA科学家试图弄明白打滑现象究竟是怎么回事。因此，他们收集了很多数据，并且得出一个数学公式来说明车辆在潮湿的路面以多快的速度行驶就会打滑。

Safety Tips

安全提示

They published the equation in 1963, along with information about the effects of water depth, paving technique, tire tread, and vehicle weight on hydroplaning risk.

1963年，科学家们公布了这个数学公式，同时告诉大家水的深度、人行道的铺设技术，轮胎面以及车的重量对打滑的影响。

This publication offered several important safety tips. For example, use well-treaded, fully inflated tires; and, don’t slam on the brakes if you skid on wet pavement.

这次信息的公开提供了几个重要的安全提示。例如，使用较好的轮胎面，完全充气的轮胎，如果你在潮湿的地面上刹车时，不要用力踩刹车。

These suggestions may sound commonplace, and we now also know that vehicles with anti lock brakes require slightly different hydroplane handling than those without. However, we can thank those NASA scientists from fifty years ago for getting the word out, and helping to keep all drivers–on runways and roads–safer on rainy days.

这些建议似乎是老生常谈，我们现在也知道带防锁死刹车装置的车辆处理打滑现象时与没有该刹车的车辆稍有不同。但无论如何，我们都要感激50年前NASA科学家们告诉我们打滑现象，使所有跑道和道路上的驾驶员在雨天能更安全行驶。