中国政府采购将苹果,思科和英特尔拒之门外

China has dropped some of the world’s leading technology brands from its approved state purchase lists, while approving thousands more locally made products, in what some say is a response to revelations of widespread Western cybersurveillance.

中国的政府采购名单剔除了一些全球领先技术品牌，同时，数千种国产产品被纳入其中。有人认为，这是中国在西方的全面网络监控遭到披露后所采取的应对措施。

Others put the shift down to a protectionist impulse to shield China’s domestic technology industry from competition.

也有人将此斥为保护主义，称其目的是防止国内科技行业受到竞争的冲击。

Chief casualty is U.S. network equipment maker Cisco Systems Inc CSCO -0.47% , which in 2012 counted 60 products on the Central Government Procurement Center’s (CGPC) list, but by late 2014 had none, a Reuters analysis of official data shows.

损失最大的是美国网络设备制造商思科系统公司。路透社对官方数据的分析显示，2012年思科公司有60种产品进入了《中央政府采购名录》（以下简称《名录》），到2014年底，这个数字变成了零。

Smartphone and PC maker Apple Inc INTC -1.35% security software firm McAfee and network and server software firm Citrix Systems .

智能手机和电脑制造商苹果公司、杀毒软件制造商迈克菲公司和网络及服务器软件公司思杰系统也受到了影响。

The number of products on the list, which covers regular spending by central ministries, jumped by more than 2,000 in two years to just under 5,000, but the increase is almost entirely due to local makers.

《名录》覆盖了中央政府部门的常规支出。它所包含的产品数量在两年内增加了2000多种，总数几乎达到5000种，但新增的差不多都是国产商品。

The number of approved foreign tech brands fell by a third, while less than half of those with security-related products survived the cull.

《名录》中的外国科技品牌总体减少了三分之一，而产品与信息安全有关的外国公司只剩下了一小半。

An official at the procurement agency said there were many reasons why local makers might be preferred, including sheer weight of numbers and the fact that domestic security technology firms offered more product guarantees than overseas rivals.

中央国家机关政府采购中心的一位官员表示，国内企业可能更受青睐的原因有很多，比如它们数量众多，而且国内信息安全技术公司在质保方面也超过了海外竞争对手。

China’s change of tack coincided with leaks by former U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) contractor Edward Snowden in mid-2013 that exposed several global surveillance program, many of them run by the NSA with the cooperation of telecom companies and European governments.

2013年年中，美国国家安全局前承包商爱德华o斯诺登曝光了美国政府的一些全球监控项目，其中多个项目都由国安局负责，并得到了电信公司和欧洲各国政府的协助。中国政府的采购行为也恰好在这个时候发生了变化。

“The Snowden incident, it’s become a real concern, especially for top leaders,” said Tu Xinquan, Associate Director of the China Institute of WTO Studies at the University of International Business and Economics in Beijing. “In some sense the American government has some responsibility for that; (China’s) concerns have some legitimacy.”

对外经济贸易大学中国世界贸易组织研究院执行院长屠新泉表示：“斯诺登事件确实让人担心，特别是对首脑人物来说。从某种意义上讲，美国政府对此负有一定责任；（中国的）顾虑则有一定的道理。”

Cybersecurity has been a significant irritant in U.S.-China ties, with both sides accusing the other of abuses.

网络安全一直是中美关系的一大隐患，两国都指责对方有不当行为。

U.S. tech groups wrote last month to the Chinese administration complaining about some of its new cybersecurity regulations, some of which force technology vendors to Chinese banks to hand over secret source code and adopt Chinese encryption algorithms.

上个月，美国科技行业团体致函中国政府部门，对后者的一些网络安全新规表达了不满。受部分新规定影响，为一些中国银行提供技术服务的美国公司不得不提供属于公司机密的源代码并使用中国的加密算法。

The CGPC list, which details products by brand and type, is approved by China’s Ministry of Finance, the CGPC official said. The list does not detail what quantity of a product has been purchased, and does not bind local government or state-owned enterprises, nor the military, which runs its own system of procurement approval.

《名录》详细列出了各类产品的品牌和型号。上文中提到的中央国家机关政府采购中心官员称，这份目录由财政部负责审批。《名录》不提供已采购产品的详细数量，对地方政府、国企以及采购审批自成一体的军队没有约束力。

The Ministry of Finance declined immediate comment.

财政部方面拒绝立即就此发表评论。

“We have previously acknowledged that geopolitical concerns have impacted our business in certain emerging markets,” said a Cisco spokesman.

思科发言人称：“我们之前已经承认，地缘政治方面的顾虑已经对我们在某些新兴市场的业务产生了影响。”

An Intel spokesman said the company had frequent conversations at various levels of the U.S. and Chinese governments, but did not provide further details.

英特尔发言人指出，该公司频繁和中美各级政府进行对话，但未进一步说明详情。

Apple declined to comment, and Citrix was not immediately available to comment.

苹果公司拒绝发表评论。笔者尚未与思杰系统取得联系。

Industry insiders also see in the changing profile of the CGPC list a wider strategic goal to help Chinese tech firms get a bigger slice of China’s information and communications technology market, which is tipped to grow 11.4 percent to $465.6 billion in 2015, according to tech research firm IDC.

业内人士还认为，《名录》内容的变化还体现了一个更大的战略目标，那就是帮助中国科技企业在国内IT市场获得更多份额。科技行业研究机构IDC预计，2015年，这个市场的规模将增长11.4%，达到4656亿美元。

“There’s no doubt that the SOE segment of the market has been favoring the local indigenous content,” said an executive at a Western technology firm who declined to be identified.

一位拒绝提及其姓名的西方科技公司高管称：“毫无疑问，这个市场中的国企用户一直都很青睐本土产品。”

The executive said the post-Snowden security concerns were a pretext. The real objective was to nurture China’s domestic tech industry and subsequently support its expansion overseas.

该高管指出，斯诺登事件带来的安全顾虑只是一个借口。中国政府的真正目的在于培育国内科技行业，以及随后支持该行业进行海外扩张。

China also wants to move to a more consumption-based economy, which would be helped by Chinese authorities and companies buying local technology, the executive said.

该高管还认为，中国希望向消费型经济靠拢，而政府和企业购买本土技术对此应有所帮助。

Policy measures supporting the broader strategy include making foreign companies form domestic partnerships, participate in technology transfers and hand over intellectual property in the name of information security.

为这个大战略服务的政策措施包括要求外国公司和国内企业结为合作伙伴，参与技术转让，并以信息安全为由转让知识产权。

Wang Zhihai, president and CEO of Beijing Wondersoft, which provides information security products to government, state banks and private companies, said the market in China was fair, especially compared with the U.S., where China’s Huawei Technologies, the world’s largest networking and telecoms equipment maker, was unable to do business due to U.S. security concerns.

北京明朝万达科技有限公司为政府、国有银行和私营企业提供信息安全产品。该公司总裁王志海指出，中国的市场很公平，特别是和美国市场相比。作为全球最大的网络和通信设备制造商，华为无法在美国开展业务，原因是美国政府担心安全问题。

Local companies were also bound by the same cybersecurity laws that U.S. companies were objecting to, he added.

他还说，中国国内企业也受到网络安全法规的约束，与美国公司别无二致。

The danger for China, say experts, is that it could leave itself dependent on domestic technology, which remains inferior to foreign market leaders and more vulnerable to cyber attack.

专家认为，危险在于这样做可能让中国依赖于国内技术，而后者和国外市场龙头的技术相比仍有差距，而且更容易受到网络攻击。

Some of those benefiting from policies encouraging domestic procurement accept that Chinese companies trail foreign competitors in the security sphere.

国内采购鼓励政策的部分受益者也认为，在安全领域，中国公司落后于外国竞争对手。

“In China, information security compared to international levels is still very far behind; the entire understanding of it is behind,” said Wondersoft’s Wang.

王志海说：“中国的信息安全程度仍远低于国际水平；对信息安全的理解也全面落后。”

But Wang, like China, is taking the long view.

但和中国政府一样，王志海目光长远。

“In 10 or more years, that’s when we should be there.”

“10年或更长时间以后，我们就应该能够赶上国际水平了。”