郊区 从逃离之地到安居之所
Cities are endlessly celebrated; the suburbs are derided.
城市永远被歌颂，郊区则是被嘲讽的对象。
Urban culture is the apex of cool.
城市文化代表了酷的极致。
Suburbs are places to leave, settlements on a horizon just close enough to the glamour of the metropolis to feel its glow yet too far to feel a part of it.
郊区则是人们选择离开的地方，在这种地方定居，距离大都市的魅力足够近以至于可以感受到它所散发的光彩，但要融入成为城市的一部分又距离太远。
They are places for parents, not youth, despite the irony that couples move to the suburbs to find better conditions for their children: housing, schooling, more space and safety.
郊区是属于父母而不是年轻人的地方，有讽刺意味的是，家长们迁居郊区正是为了给自己的子女寻求更好的生活条件：例如住房、学校教育、更宽阔的空间和更高的安全性等。
It is no accident that the music and fashion movements that come from the suburbs — Mod, Punk, New Wave and onwards — are based on a particularly suburban alienation and a desire for the coolness or the anarchy of the urban future.
绝非偶然的是，源自郊区的音乐和时尚潮流——例如摩登派(Mod)、朋克(Punk)、新浪潮(New Wave)等等——是基于某种独特的郊区隔离景象以及对于扮酷的渴望，或者对于城市未来无政府主义状态的向往。
With the suburb as a place for the young to escape from, what happens when the city becomes too successful? When the young can no longer afford to rent even the tiniest of apartments? What has tended to happen is that the centre grows, subsuming successive once-suburban centres into its maw.
郊区是年轻人逃离的地方，但当城市变得过于成功时会怎样呢？例如当年轻人负担不起城里哪怕最为窄小的公寓的房租时会出现什么情况？通常的结果是，城市中心不断扩张，把一个又一个曾经的郊区中心吞入腹中。
Whether it is Red Hook in Brooklyn or Peckham in southeast London, gentrified suburbs cease to be suburban, price their original residents out and the suburbs move further from the centre.
不论是布鲁克林的红钩区(Red Hook)还是伦敦东南部的佩卡姆区(Peckham)，中产阶级化的郊区已经褪去了郊区的气息，高昂的物价水平迫使原住居民迁出，真正的郊区转移到了距离城市中心更远的地方。
The future of suburbs is one of the biggest questions facing cities today.
郊区的未来是城市目前面临的最重大问题之一。
The British invented them.
英国人发明了郊区。
Bedford Park in west London and Hampstead Garden Suburb to the north, were conceived a century or so ago as antidotes to city horrors.
伦敦西部的贝德福德公园(Bedford Park)和北部的汉普斯特德花园郊区(Hampstead Garden Suburb)是在约一个世纪以前作为化解城市恐惧症的解药而设计构想出来的。
Britain’s great contribution to urbanism amounts to a subversion of the city, mankind’s great invention, into a poor imitation of the country.
英国对于城市化的重要贡献在于，将城市这一人类伟大的发明，颠覆为了对于乡村的一种粗糙模仿。
In the UK, about 80 per cent (in the US about half) of the population live in areas that could be called suburban.
在英国，约有80%（在美国这一比例约为二分之一）的人口居住在称得上是郊区的地区。
Yet very little thought in architecture, planning and culture, is given to the suburbs.
但人们在讨论有关建筑、规划以及文化等方面的问题时很少考虑到郊区。
This is very different from the US postwar period, when they were seen as the engine of the consumer economy.
这与美国战后时期的情况大相径庭，当时郊区被视为推动消费经济的引擎。
Every family that moved from a city apartment to a suburban house would need to fill it with goods, buy a car, a lawnmower.
每个从城市公寓搬往郊区大宅的家庭都需要采购物品填充宅院，买辆车，再买一台割草机。
The suburbs were subsidised by stealth with mortgage tax relief, road building and utilities infrastructure and the money flowed back in manufacturing and white collar jobs and taxes.
郊区不声不响享受到的补贴包括抵押贷款税收减免、道路建设和公共基础设施，这些资金又通过创造制造业和白领工作岗位以及税收等形式流回了政府手中。
In the UK the move started earlier, as London’s underground railway extended beyond the confines of the city into a countryside that would allow the English idyll of rural living.
在英国，从城市到郊区的迁移开始得更早，因为伦敦的地铁远远超出了城区范围延伸到了郊区，而郊区可以让英式田园牧歌般的乡村生活成为现实。
The key difference between US and UK suburbs was transport.
英美两国郊区最主要的区别在于交通。
In Britain, they were located around bus, tube and train routes.
在英国，郊区分布在公交、地铁和火车线路周围。
US suburbia was based on the car.
而美国的郊区则主要依赖汽车。
The atomisation of the auto-suburb did little for community or cohesion.
车轮上的郊区的社会原子化趋势对于促进社区发展或者增强社区凝聚力几乎毫无帮助。
Endless plots of detached houses echoed the homesteader’s dream of independent living but also created a landscape of social isolation.
一望无际的成片独立房屋吻合了土地所有者独立生活的梦想，但也导致了社会隔离的景象。
US suburbs often contain the wealth.
美国的郊区常有富人居住。
Downtown Detroit might appear an apocalyptic landscape but its suburbs provide the leafy surrounds and affluent homes of the executives who work in its glossy towers.
底特律的市中心或许呈现出一派世界末日般的景象，但底特律的郊区则有着树木葱郁的环境和一户户富裕的人家，后者属于那些在该市富丽堂皇的高楼中工作的企业高管们。
The suburbs of Paris, by contrast, are dominated by the landscape of alienation that is the banlieues.
与此形成鲜明对比的是，巴黎的郊区则充斥着城郊贫民区与世隔离的景象。
The pressing question, given the centrality of the suburb to the housing problem, is what can be done to make the suburbs better places, more efficient, more desirable.
鉴于郊区在住房问题中的核心地位，当前最紧要的问题是我们能做些什么以使郊区变得更好，更加节能高效、适宜居住。
The solution will require the densification of the city fringes, says Ellis Woodman, director of London’s Architecture Foundation.
解决之道在于提高郊区的人口密度，埃利斯•伍德曼(Ellis Woodman)表示，他是伦敦建筑基金会(Architecture Foundation)的主管。
The challenge is how you make them more than just dormitory villages.
当前的挑战是，我们应如何让郊区变得不仅仅是睡村？
The great value of residential property means other uses are being driven out.
住宅地产的巨大价值意味着，郊区的其他用途正在被挤出。
Densification means the intensification of use and density to make the suburbs more populous and efficient.
密集化意味着使用强度和密度的提升，以使郊区聚集更多人口，运转效率更高。
That process carries with it destruction of qualities — greenery, privacy, space — that attracted people to the suburbs, but another way to look at it is that this is the nature of cities as they grow.
这一过程将导致生活品质的下降——例如体现在环境绿化、私密性和活动空间等方面——而生活品质正是吸引人们迁往郊区的原因，但从另一个角度来看，这一过程是城市发展中的自然现象。
The argument is that the suburbs should, effectively, be made more like the centre.
有人据此提出，郊区事实上应被打造得更像城市中心。
Mark Brearley, professor at the Cass School in London, suggests the future for the suburb rests in its High Street or Main Street.
伦敦卡斯商学院(Cass Business School)教授马克•布莱尔利(Mark Brearley)指出，郊区的未来取决于其主要商业街或中心街道。
This can be an ideal for the future not just a residue from the past, he says.
这或许能成为未来的一种理想状态，而不仅仅是维持过去的样子，他表示。
The mix of shops, services, small-scale manufacturing, garages and churches make it a perfect place for start-ups and a front window for the economy.
商店、服务业、小型制造业、汽车修理厂以及教堂的共存使郊区成为初创企业安家的完美地点，也能为整体经济提供一扇窗口。
That, he suggests, is what attracts people from elsewhere, slowly making a place more urban and less suburban.
他指出，这正是把人们从其他地方吸引到郊区来的原因所在，与此同时也使这个地方逐渐褪去郊区气息，变得愈加城市化。
In the UK, Croydon, to the south of London, has shown what can be done.
在英国，伦敦南部的克罗伊登(Croydon)已经展示了我们能够做些什么。
Designated in the 1960s as an overspill for London commerce, its centre was densified with towers in a way that was much derided yet has proved successful and adaptable.
该区是二十世纪六十年代为容纳伦敦过于拥挤的商业而创设的，高楼大厦密布在克罗伊登中心地区，虽然这种模式曾经备受批评，但现已被证明为是成功并适宜的。
It has some awful buildings but retains a sense of 1960s idealism which has served it well.
这里有一些颇为糟糕的建筑，但保留了二十世纪六十年代的理想主义气息，而这种理想主义给克罗伊登带来了积极的影响。
Is a densified suburb a suburb? What of Kensington, Neuilly-sur-Seine or Nassau County, Long Island. They retain much of what made them desirable, yet have become absorbed into the city.
密集化的郊区还能被称为是郊区吗？我们又应如何看待肯辛顿(Kensington)、塞纳河畔纳伊(Neuilly-sur-Seine)或者长岛的拿骚县(Nassau County)呢？这些地区保留了使它们变得适宜居住的许多元素，但它们已经被吸收为了城市的一部分。
