移民改变国际大都市面貌

Global migration means millions of people are starting new lives in cities far removed from the places they were born, where they will help to shape the urban fabric of the communities around them.

跨国移民意味着数以百万计的人将在远离他们出生地的城市开始新生活，在新的天地里，他们将影响和改变自己周围社区的城市肌理。

Despite accusations from some that all cities are becoming alike, these newer citizens are carving out identities distinct from both their ethnic origins and those of the longer-standing inhabitants around them.

虽然有人批评称，所有城市的面目正变得越来越千篇一律，但这些新来者正在创造出新的身份认同——既不同于他们自身的种族血统，也不同于他们身边那些老居民。

For example, when Annika Marlen Hinze conducted a study of families of Turkish origin in Berlin, she found they identified themselves as neither Germans nor Turks, but as Berliners or even as residents of a particular neighbourhood. “One woman told me: ‘I’m telling my son he’s both Turkish and German, but I also tell him he’s a Kreuzberger,’ ” says Ms Hinze, assistant professor of political science at Fordham University in New York.

例如，当安妮卡•马伦•欣策(Annika Marlen Hinze)在开展一项有关生活在柏林的土耳其裔家庭的研究时，她发现这一群体既没有把自己看作是德国人，也不认为自己是土耳其人，他们自诩为柏林人，甚至某个特定社区的人。“一个女人告诉我：‘我对儿子说，他既是土耳其人，也是德国人，但我同时也告诉他，他是十字山(Kreuzberger)人，’”欣策说道。她是纽约福德姆大学(Fordham University)的政治学助理教授。

Kreuzberg and Neukölln are two areas of the German capital that have shaped their inhabitants of Turkish origin, who themselves have contributed to Berlin’s landscape after they started to come as guest workers in the 1960s.

作为柏林的两个区域，十字山和诺伊科恩(Neukölln)深刻影响了在那里生活的土耳其裔居民。这些居民也已成为柏林城市面貌的一部分，最初他们是在二十世纪六十年代作为外来工人来到柏林的。

The experience of these migrants in establishing mosques and kebab shops near the Berlin Wall may be particular to them, but one in five of all migrants live in the world’s 20 largest urban centres, the International Organization for Migration says. In 2015, fresh waves of migrants, including Syrian refugees, brought the effect of mass migration on urban centres to wider public attention.

对于这些移民自己而言，在靠近柏林墙的地方建起清真寺以及开设土耳其烤肉店的经历或许是特殊的，但据国际移民组织(International Organization for Migration)指出，每5个移民中就有1个生活在全球前20大中心城市。2015年的新一轮移民潮，包括来自叙利亚的难民潮，使大规模移民涌入对于中心城市的影响受到了更广泛的公众关注。

Christopher Choa, director for cities and urban development at Aecom, a design and engineering consultancy, says trade and migration shape the built environment: “The DNA of the city is baked, in physical terms, into the pre-existing forms of the streets, but the cities are adapted by new [groups] and by the services [they] prefer.”

建筑设计与工程顾问公司艾奕康(Aecom)的城市与城市开发业务主管克利斯托弗•乔(Christopher Choa)表示，贸易和移民改变已经建成的环境。他说：“城市的DNA以实体形态体现在已经存在的街道中，但城市会被新的居民群体以及他们所偏好的服务所改变。”

This creates a dilemma for planners, who may either want to preserve a city’s traditional shape or swing in the direction of creating spaces designed for more recent arrivals.

这让城市规划者陷入了两难处境，规划者要么努力保存一座城市的传统形态，要么努力打造为新来者设计的空间。

“There’s usually a strong traditional theme that runs through the populations in all these cities,” says Mr Choa. “They are seeking to protect the urban qualities that make the cities unique in the first place, the architectural patrimony.

乔指出：“在所有这些城市，通常都有一个深入影响市民群体的强有力的传统主题。他们试图保护那些最初让一座城市独一无二的城市特色——老建筑。”

“But if cities cannot absorb new waves of immigration you can end up with a kind of marginalisation or ghettoisation. You miss out on those positive mutations of the landscape.”

“但如果城市无法吸收新涌入的移民潮，最终可能出现某种形式的少数族群化或者隔都化(ghettoisation)。你将错失那些能给城市面貌带来积极改变的机会。”

On their most obvious level, such battles may be fought over the buildings of minority religions, such as mosques in Germany and elsewhere in Europe.

在最显眼的层面上，这种斗争或将围绕少数族裔的宗教建筑展开，例如在德国或者欧洲其他地区修建的清真寺。

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These arguments are not confined to the western world. Protests against the opening of Starbucks in Beijing’s Forbidden City and a McDonald’s restaurant in a historic villa in the Chinese city of Hangzhou carried similar symbolic weight. Arguments also centre on new housing as populations swell. In London, traditionally a low-rise city, residents are fighting proposals for the construction of about 318 residential towers despite a severe housing shortage, and in Hong Kong a long controversy rages over the potential use of country park land to build homes.

上述争议并不仅限于西方世界。针对开在北京紫禁城内的星巴克(Starbucks)以及开在杭州市一处古迹内的麦当劳(McDonald's)餐厅的抗议活动，也有同样重大的象征意义。随着城市人口的膨胀，新建住宅也成了争议的焦点。在伦敦这座传统上以低层建筑为主的城市，市民们努力反抗修建约318栋高层住宅楼的提案——尽管目前伦敦面临严重的住宅短缺。而在香港，是否能将郊野公园土地用于兴建住宅的问题，长期以来一直存在激烈争议。

In Paris, the preservation of its historic centre resulted in a ring of suburbs or banlieues, where many families of migrant origin live in poverty. In San Francisco a similar decision to retain the historic waterfront has resulted in a housing squeeze as the technology industry attracts newcomers.

在巴黎，对历史性城市中心区的保护导致形成了环状的郊区地带，很多移民出身的家庭在这些地方过着贫困的生活。旧金山也出台了一个类似的决定，保护历史悠久的滨海区。随着旧金山科技产业吸引新的人口迁入，这个决定导致了该地住房供给高度紧张。

But some cultural fusions have been in less tense. While Asian migrants have created Chinatowns around the world, China’s big trading centres have taken inspiration from the west. “Shanghai now looks much more like an American or European city than a Chinese city,” says Aecom’s Mr Choa. He thinks global cities are becoming more similar to one another, which he sees as a positive development enabling the exchange of “ideas, younger populations, the next generation of wealth creators”.

但某些文化融合的过程则没有那么剑拔弩张。亚洲移民在世界各地创建了许多个中国城，中国最大的贸易中心城市上海却借鉴了来自西方的灵感。艾奕康的乔表示：“上海如今看起来更像是一个美国或者欧洲的城市，而非一个中国城市。” 他认为国际大都市正变得越来越相似，并把这看成是一种积极的发展趋势， 有助于“观念的交流、年轻人群以及下一代财富创造者”的流动。

But sociologist Saskia Sassen takes the opposing view of this phenomenon, calling it a “monster . . . coughing out tall towers everywhere . . . killing the people’s houses and small shops and little streets and squares”, with the result that “everywhere became nowhere”.

但社会学家萨斯基亚•萨森(Saskia Sassen)对这一现象持相反观点，称其为一个“怪物……到处吐出高楼大厦……扼杀了人们的房子、小商店、小街道以及广场”，导致了“每个地方都变得哪儿也不是”的结果。

It may be such tensions are just inherent in cities subject to mass migration, but there is no evident uniformity in Berlin’s Turkish districts.

或许这样的紧张局面是面临大规模移民涌入的城市无法避免的，但柏林的土耳其街区并没有表现出明显的趋同性。

Indeed, residents of Kreuzberg and Neukölln have strongly different and separate identities. Kreuzberg has a strong history of protest while Neukölln is known for its strong integration policies for migrants.

正相反，十字山和诺伊科恩的居民有着截然不同且非常独立的身份认同。十字山区有着深厚的抗议传统，而诺伊科恩则以强有力的移民融合政策而闻名。

Meanwhile, second-generation Turkish-German children have begun travelling the other way, migrating to Istanbul to discover their roots and exploit their command of both languages, says Ms Hinze. One example is the Turkish-German architect Cem Arat, who has designed a stadium for Istanbul’s Galatasaray football club.

欣策指出，第二代土耳其裔德国人现在已经开始了反向流动，迁回伊斯坦布尔以寻找他们的根，并充分利用他们掌握的两门语言。其中的一位代表人物是土耳其裔德国建筑师杰姆•阿拉特(Cem Arat)，他为伊斯坦布尔的加拉塔萨雷(Galatasaray)足球俱乐部设计了一座体育场。

However, Ms Hinze says many of these second-generation migrants, often the children of working-class parents from rural Turkey, find themselves once again feeling like outsiders when they reach Istanbul.

但欣策表示，这些第二代移民中的很多人——他们的父母通常是来自土耳其乡村地区的劳动阶层——在来到伊斯坦布尔后会再次感到自己是个外乡人。

“A lot of them were curious to see this interesting, bustling metropolis,” she says. “But they tell me: “We feel really different.”

欣策说：“他们中有很多人非常想要了解这座有趣、繁华的大都市。但他们告诉我：‘我感觉自己格格不入。’”