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怎样提高英语写作的技巧

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英语书面表达在高考中占用较大的分值,而且往往是考生之间拉开距离的关键所在。因此,如何提高英语书面表达能力,便成为考生的关注点。下面谈谈如何有序和有效提高英语书面表达能力的一些建议:

怎样提高英语写作的技巧

  背诵范文就是技巧一。

然而背诵却不能盲目,必须要熟悉高分书面表达的特点,这是提分技巧二。

背诵算技巧吗?毋庸置疑。要写出好的作文,除了要有好的结构和内容,还需要好的词句。考生可以通过背诵来积累好的词句。考生可以选择一些优秀的作文模板来背诵,分别选择议论文、说明文、记叙文、应用文(应用文还有各种体裁的文章,多是书信、通知等,考生可选择有代表性的体裁来背诵)。背诵范文首先要多读、熟读,考生可以根据自己的习惯来背诵。此外,背诵还另有讲究——总结佳句。下面以一篇学生习作为例讲解如何总结佳句。

Failure

Failure Always follows us on our struggling ways,such as failure in passing an important exam,getting the job you want or losing a good chance.

Different people have different attitudes toward failure. Some lose heart and bury themselves in disappointment after suffering defeats while some others just do the opposite. They learn from the failure and encourage themselves to have another try.

As far as I am concerned,failure is not a big stone stopping us from moving on but a step we can get on to look further. Only after tasting failure can we find mistakes we have made and them improve our abilities. It’s being afraid of facing failure rather than failure itself that stops our progress. Just be brave enough. Admit failure,learn from failure and achieve success.

很多考生因为水平的限制,难以辨识哪些句子属于佳句,在此,笔者提供一个标准——在一篇优秀的范文中,考生自己写不出来的句子,都可以称为佳句。当然,考生看完技巧二中的优秀范文的特点,应该对佳句、范文会有更深的体验。

从以上优秀范文中,我们可以总结其佳句。

1. Nobody can deny that failure can bring us a heartbreaking feeling.

2. But the attitudes towards failure vary from person to person.

3. Some people may take advantage of it to find out their shortcomings while others may lose heart and become depressed.

4. We ought to bear in mind that failure happens when we quit and we should go on till we succeed.

5. For someone,it is a barrier that prevents them from reaching their dreams.

6. We must accept the possibility that we might fail.

7. All in all,whether failure is a bad thing depends on the attitude we hold towards it.

8. Faced with failure,they sink to the floor and bury their faces into their hands with tears gathering in eyes.

这种方法用在平时的学习过程中,是大有裨益的。用在临门备考阶段,也有很好的效果,关键是考生要落实背诵这一环节。

技巧一要求考生熟读、背诵,却不能盲目地背诵,在“有的放矢”这一技巧中,笔者将告诉考生高分书面表达的特点,考生可以在背诵范文的时候结合这些特点来记忆,同时在写作的过程中时刻谨记这些特点。

高分书面表达的特点:①覆盖所有知识点;②层级分明;③应用较多高级词汇;④应用较多的连接词、短语;⑤较多地应用语法结构(不能全篇都是简单句)。只有了解高分书面表达的特点,考生才能有的放矢。

  (一)罗列要点

罗列要点与其说是技巧,不如说是写作的基本程序。但笔者之所以要把罗列要点放在技巧一栏,是因为很多考生在这一点上失分(要点不齐全)。

罗列要点其实很简单,考生只要在审题的过程中仔细审读题目的要求,然后在草稿纸上一一罗列内容要点,同时将各个要点串联在一起,以便检查是否通顺、完整。记叙文的内容要点一般包括开头、结尾、人物、地点、时间、重要细节;议论文的内容要点一般包括观点的陈述、观点的比较、论证、结论等;书信的内容要点包括问候语、结束语、写信的各项内容等。

题目的呈现方式一般是纯文字,或是图文结合。有些题目的题干直接呈现的要点非常少,这就需要考生在审题的过程中加以适当的思考,从中拓展要点。

【典例一】看图作文。

要求:1.词数100左右;

2.短文中不能出现本人相关信息。

【分析】这类题型只给一个中心内容,并没有在题干中呈现要点,要求考生能够通过思考一一提取要点。

1.女儿和妈妈,回家,拿包;描述(情景,人物,动作等)。

2.自己的感想;举例;为家长做什么。

3.简要描述图片,谈谈自己的感想,自己如何做(举例)。

在这几个要点的基础上加上首尾段,那文章就完整了。此外,考生还可以用短语来罗列提纲、要点。

1. comes home from work feeling tired

2. removes the bag from her shoulder

3. a moving/touching moment

4. ...

5. pay little attention to

6. in return

7. help with everyday housework,such as

8. washing,cleaning the bedroom,or preparing meals to ease parents’ burden

在此基础上,将提纲中的短语改写成句子,加上适当的关联词,巧妙地运用各种句型,再设计开头和结尾,一篇优秀的书面表达就成型了。

温馨提示:罗列要点时,考生如果能够用英文来罗列自然最好,倘若不能,务必用中文来罗列。

  (二)巧妙分段凸显层次

无论是写记叙文、说明文、应用文还是议论文,都讲究一个层次。

写出层次并不难,首先第一个小窍门——分段落。英文写作主要的段落模式有两种:三段式和两段式。

分段模式 第一段 第二段 第三段

总—分—总 引出话题 描述或议论 总结或发表个人看法

总—分 引出话题 描写或议论,并在最后一句总结

分—总 引出话题并描述或议论 进行总结或发表个人意见

相比较之下,三段式更好掌握,也更能显出文章的层次感,因此不妨多用三段式。

写出层次的第二个小窍门——使用过渡词。如排序型用词:first of all,next,then,finally,first(ly),second(ly),third(ly),lastly;递进型:besides,what’s wore,worse still,furthermore等;转折型:on the one hand... but on the other hand,however,but,otherwise(否则)等。(具体用法可参见下文)

  (三)多用过渡词

过渡词往往指一些副词、连词、介词短语和非谓语动词短语等,恰当地使用可避免结构松散,层次不明,表意不清等弊端,使文章条理清楚,文字连贯流畅。

以下文字若不考虑过渡词,一口气读下去,同学们就会发现有语意松散不明,囫囵吞枣的感觉,因此不妨试着填上恰当的过渡词,体验一下没有过渡词的文章。

As we all know,we are what we eat ,it is very important to form healthy eating habits. ,bad eating habits are still very common among us students, going to school without breakfast,having snacks,being particular about food and eating or drinking too much. All these bad habits will surely do harm to our health. how can we form a healthy eating habit? ,we should have various healthy diets. ,we’d better have meals regularly,Only in this way can we build up a strong body.

参考答案:Therefore,However,like I such as,But,First(ly),Second(ly)

想要正确运用过渡词,首先要积累,然后才能区别、比较相近的词汇。

(1)总结、归类、记忆过渡词。常用过渡词见下表。

意义 词语

递进 besides,what’s more,furthermore,moreover,worse still,to make matters worse,also,in addition,even,at the same time,what is worse

转折 but,however,yet,although,in spite of,on the contrary,on the other hand,otherwise

原因 because,because of,owing to,on account of,considering,due to

结果 so,therefore,thus,as a result,lead to,result in

时间 now,then,afterwards,later,soon,before long,after that,shortly after that,soon after that,up till now,just now,just then,so far

说明 for example,for instance,such as,like,that is to say,actually,according to this,believe it or not,to tell you the truth,and so on

顺序 first,firstly,at first,first of all,second,secondly,finally,at last,in the end

比较、对比 in the same way,on the contrary,on the other hand,more or less,sooner or later,similarly

强调 above all,after all,at least,at most,indeed,in fact,surely,certainly,without any delay,of course,last but not least,there is no doubt that

见解 in my view,personally speaking,as far as I am concerned

结论 in a word,in general,generally speaking,in short,as you know,in conclusion

条件 if,on condition(that),as long as,unless,once

陈述事实 in fact,actually,as a matter of fact,to tell you the truth

(2)留心篇章中的过渡词。标记在范文或阅读篇章中出现的过渡词,背诵和朗读时留意其使用的语境,并思考什么时候用这个词或短语。

(3)练习词语的替换。很多过渡词都有同义词可以互换使用,如:firstly,secondly,thirdly...和in the first place,in the second place,in the third place...等。

  (四)同义词·多变换

·巧用高级词汇

在高考书面表达最高档的评分标准中,使用高级词汇是其中一项重要的衡量标准,因此要想取得高分,就必须使用一定的高级词汇来增加文章的亮点,提高文章的档次。

许多同学一听“高级”二字,就倍感压力,缺乏信心,不敢尝试。其实这只不过是换个词来表达,李四换张三罢了。例如,表示“出发去上海”之意时,可用“leave for Shanghai”“set out for Shanghai”来替换“go to Shanghai”。表示“高兴”一意,考生一般会马上想到happy,好一些的会想到glad,但若用到delighted或cheerful,阅卷老师看见本篇书面表达词汇量大、语言丰富,那就更容易给高分。

【例句】 33年前唐山发生了一场可怕的地震。

原句:A terrible earthquake happened in Tangshan 33 years ago.

修改:A terrible earthquake hit/struck Tangshan 33 years ago.

【例句】 我突然想到了一个好主意。

原句:I suddenly had a good idea.

修改:A good idea occurred to me.

【例句】 我们会尽力保护好我们的环境。

原句:We will try our best to protect the environment.

修改:We will spare no effort to protect the environment.

温馨提示:为了在写作中成功地使用高级词汇,除了要克服不敢用的心理,还要求同学们在积累词汇时,做个有心人,注意词性,尤其是较复杂的词汇。一个很好的应对方法就是不单独背单词,而是记词组或句子,并标清词性。现仍以aware和awareness为例,例如:

be aware(adj.)of sth.意识到……

be aware that...意识到……

make e of sth.使某人意识到……

raise one’s awareness(n.) about sth.提高某人某方面的意识

高级词汇的巧妙使用如画龙点睛之笔,无疑会让阅卷老师动情、动心、动容,给个高分也是随手的事了,因此同学们不妨现在准备一个词汇本,多多积累些高级词汇,以备不时之需。做笔记的时候,记得按照以上方法记录,并且把高级词汇对应的“低级”词汇写出来,以便对照。

·避免重复用词

尽量避免过多地重复使用某一个单词,必要时应选择使用其他恰当的同义词或词组来代替,以免语言过于单调。如:

【原句】I like reading while my brother likes watching TV.

【修改】I like reading while my brother enjoys watching TV.

【原句】We’ve built a new classroom building besides the old one and we’ve also built a library where the old playground used to be.

【修改】We’ve built a new classroom building besides the old one and we’ve also set up a library where the old playground used to be.

  (五)句式多变换

句式多样化绝对是高分的重要条件之一。句式有多种变法,参考如下。

·句子开头多样化

为了使文章更生动、活泼,除用主语开头的句子外,还可以使用其他句子成分开头的句子。

单个词的修饰语开头。例如:

Angry,his father walked away.(形容词)

Unfortunately,he did not find his bike.(副词)

Delighted,she met her father on her way home.(过去分词)

用短语开头。例如:

Behind me stood Mr. Sun,the president of our college.(介词短语)

Relying on our own effort,we overcame all the difficulties.(分词短语)

To tell the truth,I didn’t love her at all. (不定式短语)

用从句开头。例如:

If you don’t mind,I’ll turn off the light. (状语从句)

·特殊句式的使用

英语中的特殊句式有强调句、倒装句、感叹句等,其中在书面表达中应用得最多的是强调句。考生可以借助一些好的句子来熟记句型。

种类 句式

强调句 It is/was + 强调部分(主语、宾语、状语,不包括谓语动词)+ that/who + 原句其他成分

感叹句 How + adj./adv. + S + V

What + a/an + adj. + n + S + V

倒装句 Only + 状语成分 + V(助动词/ be动词/情态动词)+ S + V(动词原形)

So + adj. + be + S + that从句

So + adv. + V(助动词/情态动词)+ S + V(动词原形)+ that 从句

否定/半否定词或短语 + V(助动词/ be动词/情态动词)+ S + V(动词原形)

1.我们只有这样才能获取足够的能量去学得更好。

【原句】We can have enough energy to study better in this way.

【修改1】Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.(使用倒装句)

【修改2】 It is in this way that we can have enough energy to study better.(使用强调句型)

2.收到你的来信时,我很高兴。

【原句】I was happy when I received your letter.

【修改】How happy I was when I received your letter! (使用感叹句)

·巧妙使用从句

使用各种从句,包括定语从句、状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,可以提升句子的“凝聚力”。

1.这顿饭很不错,我们都很喜欢吃。

【原句】The meal was very all enjoyed it very much.

【修改】The meal was so nice that we all enjoyed it very much.(使用句型)

2.我在学校学习语文、数学、英语、物理、化学和计算机。

【原句】I study Chinese,maths,English,physics,chemistry and computer at school.

【修改】The main subjects I study at school include Chinese,maths English,physics,chemistry and computer.(使用定语从句)

3.我希望地球将成为一个更好的居住地。

【原句】I hope that the earth will become a better place to live in.

【修改】What I hope for is that the earth will become a better place to live in.(分别使用了主语从句和表语从句)

定语从句、名词性从句(包括主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句)、 状语从句是写作中常用到的句型。虽然这三大从句没有一个简单的一劳永逸的模式,但通过收集记忆一些典型句型或例句,可以很好地帮助同学们理解和运用。如:

There is no doubt that....(毫无疑问的是……)

There is no denying that....(无可否认的是……)

The reason that....(……的原因是……)

This/That what/where/how/when/why/because....(这/那就是……)

It is universally believed that....(普遍认为……)

·多用非谓语形式

使用不定式,-ing短语,过去分词、介词短语,使句子灵活、简洁、实用。特别注意的是常用的状语从句都可以换为非谓语动词构成的状语结构。

【原文】 We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told played chess.

【修改】After a short rest,we had great fun singing and dancing,telling jokes and playing chess.使用了介词短语,动名词(singing and dancing)和现在分词(telling jokes和playing chess)。

用非谓语动词作状语可分三步:第一步,找到状语从句部分;第二步,查看主从句是否立语一致,是否需要使用独立主格结构;第三步,查看从句主谓之间的逻辑关系,主动关系使用v-ing,被动关系使用v-ed。

·长短句结合

一篇优秀的英语作文,不会有大量的短句,也不会成篇都是复句。在复合句之间穿插使用一个短一些的简单句或结构往往会使文章变得活泼,显得张弛有度。

【原文】There is a new clssroom building on one side of the old e used to be a playground on the other side there is a library e are all kinds of books,newspapers and magazines in the library.

改写过程可分以下几个步骤:(1)第一个句子是与地点有关的 there be句型,读起来有些平淡,根据句中含义提出一个简单句lt is an old road放首句,old一词起到吸引读者的作用。接着从原句中分出一个地点状语放句首引起倒装的句型:On one side of the road is a new classroom building.以便丰富句子结构。(2)原文的第二、三句都与地点on the other side(of the road)有关,因此可以把其中一句变为the other side 的定语从句,用逗号隔开,避免句子过长不利于理解。(3)原文的第四句换为that is where...句型,that指代前文的library,紧跟其后使语言显得紧凑。

【修改】It is an old road. On one side of the road is a new classroom building. On the other side of the road,where a playground used to be,stands a library now. That is where you can read all kinds of books,newspapers and magazines.

如上所见,长短句结合,可以给人抑扬顿挫之感,一个短小精悍的句子,通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。