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初中英语语法归纳

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英语语法学习是初中英语教学的重要内容,也是学生中考的必考部分。接下来本站小编为你整理了初中英语语法归纳,一起来看看吧。

初中英语语法归纳
  初中英语语法:感叹句

表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情时用感叹句。感叹句分为两种,一种以what引导,一种以how引导。句尾用感叹号“!”。用降调。

What a clever boy he is!

多么聪明的小男孩啊!

How clever the boy is!

这小男孩多聪明啊!

1What引导的感叹句

What a beautiful city it is!

(这是个)多么美丽的城市啊!

句型:(1)what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

What a beautiful city it is!

What an interesting story she told!

(2)what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

What expensive watches they are!

What terrible weather it is!

2how引导的感叹句

How hot it is today!今天天气多么热啊!

1.句型:(1)How+形容词/副词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

How cold it is!

How hard he works!

(2)How+陈述句(主语+谓语)

How he loves his son!

(3)How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句(主语+谓语)

How tall a tree it is!

修饰动词时,动词并不提前。

How I want to be a teacher!

我多想当个老师啊!

上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如:

What a clever boy he is!→How clever the boy is!

What a cold day it is!→How cold it is!

注意

what和how引导的两种感叹句,在口语中常用简略式,即省略后一部分(陈述句部分)如:

How cold!

多冷啊!

What heavy traffic!

交通多挤啊!

比较

感叹句和特殊疑问句

感叹句:How busy you are!(陈述句语序)

你多么忙啊!

疑问句:How busy are you?(疑问句语序)

你有多忙?

这两种句子的根本区别在于:感叹句后面是陈述句语序,而疑问句的语序要颠倒。

  初中英语语法:介词

I介词的功能

介词是一种虚词,用来表示名词或相当于名词的其它词语句中其它词的关系,不能单独使用。介词可与名词或相当于名词的其它词构成介词短语。介词短语可在句中作定语,状语,表语和宾语补足语。例如:

The boy over there is John’s brother. (定语)

The girl will be back in two hours. (状语)

Our English teacher is from Australia. (表语)

Help yourself to some fish. (宾语补足语)

II表示时间的介词

表示“时间”的介词如下:

1.表示年、月、日、时刻等用at,in,on

2.表示时间的前后用 before, after

3.表示期限等用by,until,till

4.表示期间等用for,during,through

5.表示时间的起点等用 from, since

6.表示时间的经过等用in,within

(1) at,on,in

1)at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点

at noon正午时 at night在夜间 at present目前

at nine(o’clock)在九点钟

We usually have lunch at noon(at twelve)。

我们通常中午吃午饭(十二点吃午饭)。

(2)on:用于某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天时,一律用on)

注意 :

泛指一般的上午(下午)时用in,但特指某日的上午(下午)时用on。

in the morning在早上

on sun day morning在周日早上

on Monday在周一

on Tuesday morning在周二早上

on June 6在6月6日

on May 4,1996在1996年5月4日

on a cold night在一个寒冷的夜晚

on the night of July(the) first

在七月一日的夜晚

We didn't listen to the lecture on Wednesday afternoon

上周三下午我们没去听演讲。

(3)in:用于表示周、月、季节、年,泛指的上午、下午、晚上。

注意:

在this,last,next,every等词前面不能再加介词。

this morning今天上午last Friday 上周五 next Sunday下周日

every Monday(week, spring…)

每周一(每星期,每个春季……)

in the week在这周 in May在五月 in spring在春季

in 1995在1995年 in September,1995在1995年9月

in the morning在上午 in the afternoon在下午

in the evening在晚上

People go skating in winter人们冬天去滑冰。

(2)before,after

1)before:在…之前

Wash your hands before dinner.(before作介词)

吃饭前请洗手。

He will call me before he leaves here.(before作连词)

他离开这儿之前,他将给我打电话。

2)after:在……之后

注意:

before和after这两个词都是既可作介词,又可作连词。

Let's Sing some songs after school.(after作介饲)

放学后咱们唱歌吧!

Pleas close the door after you leave the room.(after作连词)

离开房间后请关门。

(3) by,until(till)

1)by:在……前(时间);截至(到)……

注意:

由until(till)形成的句子,句中的动词如果是点动词,则必须用否定句。

How many English books had you read by the end of last year?

到去年年底以前你看过多少本英文书?

2)until(till):直到……为止(时间)

比较

by和until by seven o'clock截至(到)7点钟(一般和完成时连用)

until seven o'clock直到7点(7点以前)

We didn't begin to watch TV until(till) nine o'clock.(begin是点动词,所以用否定式)

一直到九点,我们才开始看电视。

I'll wait for him until he comes here

我将在这儿一直等到他来。(wait是延续动词,用肯定式)

注意

until和till可以通用。它们可以作连词(见上例)而by不能作连词。

(4) for,during,through

1)for:达……之久(表示经过了多少时间)

常用的短语

for a year 一年 for a few days几天 for twenty weeks 二十周

during the lesson 上课期间

during the war (the night)战争期间,夜间 (一整夜)

可以和一般现在时、过去时、将来时连用,但经常和完成时连用。

He has lived here for 20 years.

他在这儿已经住了二十年了。

We will stay in the city for two days.

我们要在那里呆两天。

2)during: 在…期间

They are going to have a good rest during the summer holidays.

暑假中他们打算好好休息一下。

比较:

for和 during

for之后大多跟表示时间、天数等的数字名词。而during后决不能跟表数字的名词。

3 )through:一直……(从开始到结束)

They played the cards through the night.

他们打了一整夜的牌。

(5) from,since

1)from:从……起(时间)

表示从……开始时,一般都是用词组from…to…,而单纯表示确切的从几点开始时用at。

The meeting will be held from eight to ten.

这个会议将从8点开到10点。

The meeting will be held at eight.会议将从八点钟开始。

比较:

since和from since表示时间时,一般只用于完成时的句子;而from也用于现在时、过去时及将来时态。

另外since还可以作连词(见下例);而from则不可以,它只能作介词。

2)since:自从……以来(表示从以前某时一直到现在仍在继续)

I have been sick since yesterday.

我从昨天就病了。(一直到现在)

The doctor has saved a lot of lives since he became a doctor.(since作连词)

这个医生自当医生以来已经拯救了许多人的生命。

(6 )in,within

1)in:过……后(未来时间)

注意:

如果用于过去时,用after +时间。

She went to Nanjing last May,and she came back after a month.

去年五月她去了南京,一个月之后她又回来了。

大多用在将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)。

in an hour 一小时之后

in a week or so 一个多星期之后

He will be back in five hours.他五小时之后回来。

They said they would arrive here in a week.

他们说他们一周后到达。

2)within:不超过……的范围

比较:

within和in with in强调在……时间之内,没有时态的限制。

in是以现在为基准,in an hour是指从现在起1小时之后,所以一般只用于将来时。

within 3 hours 3小时之内

I must finish painting the cat within five minutes.

我必须在五分钟之内画好这只猫。

They worked hard. They finished the work

within 2 days at last.

他们努力工作,结果终于他们在两天之内完成了这项工作。

III 表示场所、方向的介词

1.表示场所的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between.

2.表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through.

(1 )at,in

1) at:在某地点(表示比较狭窄的场所)

at school 上学 at home 在家

at 2 Baker Street 在贝克街2号

at a factory 在一家工厂

I'll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。

2)in:在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)

in Beijing 在北京 in China 在中国

in the world 在世界上 in the street 在街上

(2) on,under,over,above,below

1)on:a.在……上面,有接触面

a. )on the desk 在桌子上面

There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。

b.)在……靠近……的地方

on the right 在右边

2)above:在……上方

Our plane flew above the clouds.

我们的飞机在云端上飞行。

3)over在……正上方,是under的反义词

There is a light over Li Ming.

李明的正上方有一盏灯。

A few birds were flying over the sea.

有几只鸟在海上飞。

注意:

over的其他意思

a.遍及 all over the world 全世界

b.超过(=more than)We have over(=more than)40 books.

我们有四十多本书。

c.越过,在那边

over there在那边 over the wall越过墙

比较

over与above的区别

over是“正上方”,而above只表示“在上方”但不定在“正上方”。

4)under:在……下面;在……之内

under the table 桌子下面 under the jacket 在夹克内

The dog is under the table. 这只狗在桌子下面。

5)below:在……下方(不一定是正下方)

正下方是under,below是above的反义词。

There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.

水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。

(3)near,by

1)near:近的,不远的

near =not far是far的反义词。

near还可以指时间。in the near future在不久的将来。

Is there a bus stop near here?

这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?

2)by:在……旁边距离比near要近

注意:在……旁边,有时也用 beside。

by the window 在窗户旁边

by me 我旁边 The boy is standing by the window.

(4) between,among,around

1)between:在两者之间

My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.

我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。

What's the difference between A and B?

A和B之间有什么区别?

2)among:在三者或更多的之中

There is a beautiful house among the trees.

在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。

He is very popular among the students.

他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。

3)around:环绕,在……周围,在……四周

We sat around the table.

我们在桌子四周坐下来。

They walked around the street.

他们在街上到处走。

(5) in front of,behind

1)in front of:在……的前面;在……的前部

注意

in front of和 before均是“在……之前”的意思,但表示场所时要用in front of而不用before。

(○)in front of the room (×)before the room

There is a tree in front of the house.

在房屋前面有一棵树。

There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.

在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。

2)behind:在……后面

behind是in front of的反义词。

There is a tree behind the house.

房子后面有一棵树。

at the back of my house 在我家房屋的后面

注意

可以用 at the back of…=behind…

()6 in,into,out of

1)in:在……之内,用于表示静止的位置

The students are in the classroom.

学生们在教室里。

注意

out of…与from的区别

表示“由内往外”的动作时’用out of;表示“从……起”(起点)时,使用from。

Tom went out of the room with Li Ming.

汤姆和李明走出房间。

The train is from Boston.这辆火车是从波士顿开来的。

2)into:进入

用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run ……

The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。

He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。

3)out of:和into 一样,也表示有一定的运动方向

The students rushed out of the room.

学生们冲出房间。

(7 )along,across,through

1)along:沿着

I was walking along the river when it began to rain,

我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来了。

2)across:横过

I often swim across the river.

我常游泳横渡这条河。

3)through:贯穿,通过

The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。

(8 )to,for,from

1)to:到达……地点(目的地)

注意:

to与towards的区别

to:表示到达某地,(一般指目的地)

towards:指方向、朝向,而不是目的地。

He walked to wards the gate of the park.

他朝着公园大门走去。(大门不是目的地)。

He came to Japan in 1980. 他1980年来到日本。

Tom has gone to school. 汤姆已经去学校了。

2)for:表示目的地,“向……”

I'll leave for America next week.

下周我将动身去美国。

for表目的时,一般是和固定词搭配。

leave for 动身去……

start for 出发去……

3)from:从……地点起……

It's about ten minutes 'walk from here to the cinema.

从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。

How tar is it from our school to the hospital?

从我们学校到医院有多远?

IV其他介词

介词除了表示“时间”、“场所”以外,也表示“手段”、“材料”……等

(1 )表示手段和材料的介词用 with,in,by

1)with:和……在一起

比较

in和 with

用in,with表工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。

a.用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。

with my ear用我的耳朵with a pencil用一支铅笔

b.用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。

in ink 用墨水 in pencil 用铅笔

Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?

c.具有、带有

He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.

他是有着一双大眼睛的英俊男孩子。

d.用某工具或方法

Li Li cut her hand with a knife.

莉莉用刀把手弄破了。

I see with my eyes.我用眼睛看。

He wrote the letter with a new pen.

他用一支新钢笔写这封信。

2)in:表示用什么材料(例如用墨水、铅笔)等,或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。

She wrote a letter in black ink.

她用黑色的墨水写信。

Don't write it in pencil but in ink.

别用铅笔写,用钢笔(水)写。

3)by:通过……方法、手段

He goes to school by bicycle.

他骑自行车上学。

《by +交通工具》的词组

by bicycle 骑自行车 by plane 坐飞机

by car 坐小汽车 (=by air)

by bus 坐公共汽车 by train 坐火车

by taxi 坐出租车 by ship 坐船

比较

搭乘交通工具

用by来表示搭乘交通工具方式、手段时,名词前不加冠词。

by train 坐火车

You can go there in my car.

你可以坐我的车去那儿。

用in表示时,后面要用冠词或代词。同样坐公共汽车可以说:

take the(a)bus

(2 )of,from

1)of:(属于)……的;表示……的数量或种类

This is a map of China.这是一幅中国地图。

Will you please give me a cup of tea?

请您给我一杯茶好吗?

2)from:来自(某地、某人);以……起始;(时间或地点)

I'm from Nanjing.我是南京人。

I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。

比较:

make…of…与make…from…这两个词组都是“由…制成”的意思,它们的区别在于:如果制造出来的东西还看得出原料是什么,用“make…of…”;看不出原料是什么,用“make…from…”。

The box is made of wood.这箱子是木料做的。

The paper is made from rice straw.这纸是用稻草造的。

(3) without,like,as

1)without:没有,是with的反义词

Men can't live without air and water.

人类没有空气和水不能生存。

I can't read the book without using a dictionary.

不用字典,我看不了这本书。

Please give me a cup of coffee without milk.

请给我一杯不加奶的咖啡。

Please give me a cup of coffee with milk.

请给我一杯加奶的咖啡。

2)like:像……一样

Nancy is just like her mother.

南希和她的妈妈一样。

前句还可写成 Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样)。用look时,强调外表。

(3)as:作为

He is famous as a scientist here.

他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。

(4 )against,about

1)against:反对;靠着

He is against the plan.(Li Ming)

他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)。

The teacher is standing against the blackboard.

老师正靠着黑板站着。

2)about:a.关于;各处;身旁

Tell me something about your life.

告诉我你的生活情况。

He looked about himself.

他向四处张望。

I have no money about(=with)me.

我身上没带钱。

b.询问某人某物的情况或提出建议

What about your sister?

你姐姐情况如何?

How about going to the park?

去公园怎么样?

注意

What about …?与How about…?的用法没有区别。

(5)for , to

for表示“为了。”

to 表示动作对象, “对, 向”, 如:

He would do anything for his motherland.

Did you mention this to my father? 你对我父亲提起过这件事吗?

for 表示“就某情况而说 ”, to 表示“对某对象而言”如:

It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天气,今天够暖和的。

What he told you just now was not new to me。他刚才对你所说的话对我并不新鲜。

for 表示“目的,用途”。与go, come 动词连用。

(6)except , besides

except 表示“从总体中排除一部分”, 与but 同义, besides 表示“除了一部分还有另一部分”

We all failed except him. 我们都失败了,但他没有。

He speaks German besides French 除法语外, 他还会讲英语。

V各种介词短语

(1)使用工具 with a pencil 交通工具 by bus

用某语言 in French

用电视(学英语) learn English on TV

付多少钱 for two dollars

(2)介词短语

介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思,应一一背诵。将介词短语分类如下:

1.动词+介词 (talk about~,look at~)

动词+形容词+介词(be kind to~)

3.介词+名词 (at home,on foot,in time)

1)动词+介词

talk about(sth.):谈论某事

They are talking about their school.

他们正在谈论他们的学校。

2)talk to sb.(=talk with sb.):和某人谈论

Don't talk to your desk mate,Li Ming.

李明,不要和你的同桌说话。

3)look at:注视

She looked at the blackboard,but saw nothing.

4)listen to:倾听

I listened to him,but heard nothing.

我注意听他说话,但什么也听不见。

5)call on(sb.):拜访

He called on his uncle yesterday.

昨天他看望了他的叔叔。

6)arrive at(in):到达

We arrived at the station at noon.我们中午到达车站。

We arrived in Beijing last year.我们去年到(达)北京。

注意

arrive at(in)中的介词at用于比较小的地方。in用于比较大的地方。

口语中常用get to代替arrive at(in)。

I'll get to the factory at three.我将在三点钟到工厂。

7)take care of:照顾

The old men were taken good care of.

老人们受到了很好的照顾。

8)wait for:等待

I'll wait for you until eight o'clock.

我等你到八点钟。

9)look for:寻找

I looked for my watch every place but I didn't find it.

我到处找我的表,但是没找到。

其他重要的介词短语

speak to 和……说话 stay with 和某人呆在一起

think about 考虑有关…… write to 给某人写信

2 )be动词+形容词+介词

kind to:对某人亲切

His step-mother was kind to him.

他的继母对他很好。

good at:在……做得好;擅长于……

Are you good at speaking English?你英语说得好吗?

late for:迟到

He is always late for school.他上学总是迟到。

afraid of:害怕……The boy isn't afraid of big dogs.

sorry for(sth.):为……抱歉

I'm sorry for being late.抱歉,我迟到了。

其他重要的介词短语

be absent from 缺席

be proud of 以……为自豪

be different from 和……不同

be famous for 因……而著名

be fond of…… 爱好,喜欢

be pleased with 乐于

3) 介词+名词

:at home 在家 at school 在学校

at least 至少 at present 目前 at first 起初

at once 立刻 at last 最后(终于)

at night 夜晚

语词互换

be good at=can…well他游泳游得很好。

He is good at swimming.

He can swim well be full of=be filled with

箱子里都是(装满了)苹果。

The box is full of apples.

The box is filled with apples.

on foot 步行 on one’s way 在去某地的路上

on the telephone 用电话 on time 准时

for a while 一会儿 for example 例如for oneself 为了自己

for hours(days, years)有好几小时(天,年)

in English 用英语 in those days在当时 in class 课上

in time 及时

by the way 顺便说 by oneself 独自地

6.其他:after school 放学后 of course 当然

  初中英语语法:数词

定义:表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

I基数词

1.基数词的构成

(1)1-20

one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty

(2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。

23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one

(3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;

586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three

(4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为

million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。

1,001→one thousand and one

9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five

18,423→eighteen thousand, four hundred and twenty-three

6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine

750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)

2.基数词的用法

(1)作主语

Of them come from Paris.

(2)作宾语

eg.一 How many books would you like?

一I would like two.

(3)作表语

n minus two is five.

(4)作定语

e are three people in my family?

(5)作同位语

eg. You two will go swimming with us.

(6)表具体数字时,hundred, thousand ,million用单数。

eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.

(7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of。 hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)two thousand (两千)

Thousands and thousands of people have visited the city.成千上万的人参观了这座城市。

(8)在一些表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里;

eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他们三三两两地来了。

(9)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。

eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):

This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;

(10)表示时刻

钟点表达法。

顺读法(钟点+分钟) 如:4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen 倒读法(分钟+to/past+钟点)

如:4:30 half past four

4:15 fifteen past four/a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five/a quarter to five

eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.

(11)表示百分数

百分数的表达方式是:基数词+ percent(单数形式)+of+名词。如:

Thirty percent of the students in my class are from cities. 我班30%的学生来自城市。

About 61 percent of the surface is covered by water. 大约61%的表面被水覆盖着。

(12)小数的读法:小数点读作"point",小数后各位数要分别读, 小数点前的数若为"0"可略去不读。

Examples: 2.468 读作:two point four six eight

II 序数词

1.序数词的构成

(1)一般在基数词后加th

→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth

(2)不规则变化

one→first, two→second, three→third, five→fifth,eight→eighth,

nine→ninth,twelve——twelfth

(3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th

twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth

(4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。

twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth

2.序数词的用法

(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。

is their second son.

He is the first one to come here.

(2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上“又—”,“再一”

eg: He tried a second time.他又试了—次。

Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?我已问了他两次)

(3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。

1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd

(4)表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。

2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005

III基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号

The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)

第305房间:Room three o(零)five

长安街76号:seventy-six Changan Street

电话号码:204-2244:telephone number two o(零) four two two(double two four four

十一路公共汽车:Bus(No.) eleven

IV分数词的表达

分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s

eg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths

V数学运算的表达

eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.

9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.

6x5=30 Five times six is thirty /six unutilized five is thirty.

8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.

VI倍数表示法

a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as

I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…

The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…

The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.

今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍

The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.

今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

0.157 读作:(zero)point one five seven


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