雅思阅读中破折号的作用

大家在雅思阅读中遇到破折号，是不是对它的作用也摸不着头脑呢？下面小编和大家分享一下雅思阅读中破折号的作用。

　雅思阅读中的破折号有什么作用吗?

阅读文章当中破折号主要有两个个作用。破折号写法上共有两种，一种为两个破折号搭配使用，两破折号中间部分为细节即—……—，而第二种情况为—…….的情况。针对这两种写法，在语义上共有两种作用。

(1) 专有名词。若破折号后内容是对破折号前单词的解释说明，则要求破折号前的单词为有实际意义的名词。

(2) 插入语。若破折号前为非实际意义的词汇，如sometimes，and等词，则破折号后内容为插入语，用于引出下文内容或加入附加信息。如剑五The birth of scientific English中，首先阐述compass的发明，后链接and —may be the most important—， 在此写法中，破折号前and 为非实际意义的连接词，破折号中间指明下文为最重要的发明，从而引出天文学发展。

请问老师，雅思阅读中破折号“-”的用法有哪些，在C8-Test1P3中35题答案的破折号不是很理解

破折号表对之前内容的解释或进一步描述。原句的意思是：这些可能性即包括“感觉泄露”——即与图片有关的线索意外地传给了接收者——也包括彻底的欺诈

　　搞定这些特殊符号，雅思阅读你就赢了一半

搞定这些特殊符号，雅思阅读你就赢了一半!众所周知，雅思阅读多数题目考查，原文段落中一些重要的细节，比如举例或者段落的分论点。

许多考生为此困扰不已，觉得定位困难，找不到出题的句子，越来越多的考生发现题目中曾经的“原词”定位大法不再适用，更多题目会替换掉这些题目中的”定位词”，让定位出题句变得头痛。

在经过一段时间的观察后，我发现这样的现象除了一贯的“不审清题目”、“不读懂题目的idea”、和“盲目乱撞”。

考生们往往忽视了，原文的重要“信号”，—特殊标点符号，这些符号包括常见的破折号、引号，和相对少一些的冒号、括号和问号(设问)。

然而，这些符号恰恰有很好的提示性，出现的句子往往出题，下面以破折号和引号为例，展示下他们的强大。

loped most probably as a defense againstforest fires, the bark of the cork oak has a particular cellular structure —with about 40 million cells per cubic centimeter — that technology has neversucceeded in replicating.

这句话破折号起到句中停顿作用，补充解释"a particular cellular

structure"，去掉这个补充成分，此句要说明的是软木作为木材有抵御森林火灾的天然优势，而人类技术从未能企及。对应地，后面的判断题目scientists have developed a synthetic cork

with the same cellular structure as natural cork.(Question 2) 题目说“科学家已经研发出合成软木，跟天然橡木有相同的纤维质地(也就是防火的特点)”，显然题目与原文矛盾，判定为false。

the bark is stripped on a day when it's toocold — in when the air is damp— the tree will be damaged.

此句说“如果在寒冷或潮湿的日子里剥树皮，树会遭损伤”，通过"if"可以看出是讲“条件”，对应到后面一判断题：Cork bark should be stripped indry atmospheric conditions.(Question 4)

此题就在讲剖树皮的条件，显然干燥与“潮湿”(damp)矛盾，判定false. 这里有个小插曲，有的童鞋不认识damp一词，恐怕只好通过语境猜词义，前面说cold，搭配一起是“寒冷干燥”还是“阴冷潮湿”，这里就得想想出题的是英国人，恐怕他们字典里很难找“寒冷干燥”吧，于是这是潮湿的意思。

The Montreal study

Participants, who were recruited for the studythrough advertisements, had their brain activity monitored while listening totheir favorite music. It was noted that the music stimulated the brain'sneurons to release a substance called 27 _______ in two of the parts of thebrain which are associated with feeling 28________.

Researchers also observed that the neurons in thearea of the brain called the 29_______ were particularly active just before theparticipants' favourite moments in the music - the period known as the30_______. Activity in this part of the brain is associated with theexpectation of 'reward' stimuli such as 31_______.

这组考题可谓把标点符号用到极致，从空格考点来看，五道题目有三题明显考术语(往往有引号)，而最后一空前“reward”作为术语可以容易定位到。如此，在利用标题定位段落后，找到一两段话中的术语，题目就迎刃而解。具体来看，空格27考一种物质(化学物质名称，早在剑桥4里就已经出现过类似考察)substance往往就指hemical。 空格29考的是大脑区域的名称，空格4考的是“时间段或阶段'名称，空格31考察举例名称，但给出有引号的术语来定位。

原文The first thing they discovered is that musictriggers the production of dopamine — a chemical with a key role in setting people'smoods— by the neurons(nerve cells) in both the dorsal and ventral regions ofthe brain.

此处对应的是空格27 主要的提示信号仍是破折号，起到补充解释'dopamine'的作用，于是此处答案即使'dopamine'。What is rather more significant is the finding thatthe dopamine neurons in the caudate — a region of the brain involved inlearning stimulus— response associations, and in anticipating food and other'reward' stimulus — were at their most active around 15 seconds before theparticipants' favorite moments in the music.

此句中破折号再次起到信号作用解释'caudate' 是大脑中的一个区域，于是空格29答案便是这个词，而另一处破折号前出现空格31的定位词'reward' stimulus，于是它对应的举例就是空格5'food'。The researchers call this 'anticipatory phase' andargue that the purpose of this activity is to help us predict the arrival ofour favorite part.

紧接着一句中提到的这一术语正是空格30 的答案，如果词汇量充分，也很容易理解'anticipate'本来就与'predict' 和'before'对应到，'phase'指时期或阶段，可以对应'period'。总结：此类标点符号的运用在几乎所有文章里都有体现，建议考生们不要忽视。除了题目中关键词的把握，其实了解出题句常见位置和提示信号也是必要的答题技巧。

　　雅思阅读速读八大技巧 拿走不谢

雅思阅读速读技巧1：因果关系，看果

在文章当中，“因为”引导的内容，往往是一段陈述或铺垫，“所以”引导的内容，才是结论和总结。所以速览时，我们可以暂且把“原因”的部分略过，先看“结果”的部分，从而减省把握文章重点的时间。

引出“原因”的常用表达：because, because of, as a result of, result of, due to, thanks to, owing to, since, for, grateful for等，如：

“Since employees have different needs, what acts as a reinforcement for one may not for another.”

(剑桥雅思真题6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2)

“Since”所在的前半句是原因，关键看后半句的结果(结论)。

引出“结果”的常用表达：so, therefore, hence, thus, result in, lead to, consequently, as a result等，如：

“Such findings suggest that one person’s equity is another’s inequity, so an ideal should probably weigh different inputs and outcomes according to employee group.”

(剑桥雅思真题6, Test 3, Reading Passage 2) ：重点看“so”所在的后半句;

“Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplemented by the observer’s written comments on the non-verbal behaviours of the participants, and about the context in general.”

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 3, Reading Passage 3)：重点看“therefore”所在的第二句。

雅思阅读速读技巧2：转折关系，看但是!

“让步”的内容再豪华，都敌不过一个“但是”。这个道理很显浅，就不多作解释了。而快速浏览文章时，我们就可以暂且只看“转折”部分的内容。反之，遇到“让步”的内容，我们则可暂时忽略不看。

(1)常见表“转折”的说法

常见表“转折”的说法还有：but，however，nevertheless，yet，nonetheless等，如：

“Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse…”

(剑桥雅思真题10, Test 1, Reading Passage 1) ：无论前面说了什么，也改变不了“the majority (of wells)”被弃用的现实。重点显然在转折词“but”之后。

(2)引导“让步”的常用说法

引导“让步”的常用说法有：whereas，although，though，while，whereas，despite，in spite of，for all等，如：

“Where as most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1) “whereas”所在的半句为让步状语从句，重点看另一个半句(转折的内容)。

雅思阅读速读技巧3：递进关系，看后句

所谓递进，即前后保持一致意见的情况下，后者在态度和语气上更进一步。故，读懂后者，即可得知前者。速览文章时，重点先读递进后面的内容。

常见表达“递进”的说法有：furthermore，moreover，not only…but also…，in addition等，如：

“The psychiatrists felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts. ”

(剑桥雅思真题5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 即便不读前面的句子，光靠“Furthermore”后面递进的内容也可知，精神病学家预测：会执行高伏电击的人是少之又少的。

雅思阅读速读技巧4：关注承上启下，找关键句

承上： 以“代词”或“所以”为开头的段落首句，一般都是承接或总结上一段话的内容。借助这样的句子，可以得知上一段话的内容重点。如：

“代词”开头：

“These research findings are exciting. There is growing evidence in New Zealand that…”

(剑桥雅思真题5, Test 3, Reading Passage 1) 这是文中最后一段的开头。

从首句的代词“These”可知，首句是对上一段内容的承接，并可知上一段讲述的是一些“exciting research findings”。

“所以”开头：

“Thus ageing and death should not be seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possesses many mechanisms for repair. It is not, in principle, necessary for a biological system…”

(剑桥雅思真题8, Test 3, Reading Passage 3) 从段落首句的“Thus”可知，首句是对上一段内容的承接，而并非本段内容的重点。

启下：“问句”和“量词+复数词”通常是引出下文，通过它们能了解所在段落或紧随其后的段落的内容重点。如：

“问句”： “What were the actual results? (借此问句可知本段的重点是“actual results”)Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey Milgram up to the 450-volt limit in repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage of obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative ‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

(最后的问句揭示，后面段落的重点内容是解释“this vast discrepancy”的原因)” (剑桥雅思真题5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2)

“量词+复数词”：“Yet opinion polls suggest that many people nurture the belief that environmental standards are declining and four factors seem to cause this disjunction between perception and reality.”

(剑桥雅思真题5, Test 1, Reading Passage 3) “four factors”告诉我们，接下来的段落中，重点应该是关于这四种因素的描述。

雅思阅读速读技巧5：重视“what”句

“what”经常用作表目的或具总结性的句子的开头，因此，遇到what开头的句子要多看两眼，如：

“…If the subject was still reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that it was important for the sake of the experiment that the procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was ‘you have no other choice. You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of strong personal and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment.”

(剑桥雅思真题5, Test 1, Reading Passage 2) 原文中，此段很长，但全部都只是属于一次实验过程的描述。最后才以“what”为开头的句子，总结性地道出了实验的目的，使得此句成为全段重点。

雅思阅读速读技巧6：不看：换句话说

“换句话说、也就是说”意味着后面的内容与前面一致或是对前面的解释，因此只用看前面的内容即可。

常见的表达有：that is (to say)，i.e.，namely，put another way，in other words等。如：

“The state has no obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself.”

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 4, Reading Passage 3) 略掉“Put another way”后面的内容，只看前面。

雅思阅读速读技巧7：不看：论据内容

为了论证观点，文章中经常会大量出现各式各样的论据，但它们并不是文章的重点。故概览文章时，论据可以先忽略不看。而常见的“论据”形式有：

含“举例”的句子：for example / instance，e.g.，such as，like等;

含“数据”的句子：百分比(%，percentage)，描述统计结果的数字;

引用名人/专家言论(直接/间接引语)的句子：特别是“引号(‘’)”中的内容;

以some，a few，others等表达“某些”的单词为开头的句子。

雅思阅读速读技巧8：排除标点符号的干扰

冒号(“：”) / 一个破折号(“-”) ，引出解释，看前面。如：

“冒号”：

“In 1890 he proposed that evolution was irreversible: that ‘an organism is unable to return, even partially, to a previous stage already realized in the ranks of its ancestors’.”

(剑桥雅思真题10, Test 4, Reading Passage 3)

“一个破折号”：

“metrics focuses on increasing power – the rate at which an athlete can expend energy.”

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)

两个破折号 / 括号：信息插入或解释，不用看。如：

“两个破折号”：

“For the so-called power events – that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump – times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent.”

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)

“括号”：

“This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection as their own image (a later development).”

(剑桥雅思真题9, Test 4, Reading Passage 2)

看到这里，烤鸭们是否有点感觉了呢?现在，我们就以一个完整的段落，来演示一下这些信号词是如何帮助大家节省阅读时间的吧：

(剑桥雅思真题4, Test 4, Reading Passage 1)：

Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events - that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump - times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent(数据). In the endurance events(具体到某类运动，类似“某些”的用法) the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics. John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18(数据). In 1999, Morocco's Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42(数据), almost thirty per cent(数据) faster. (虽然段落原本有点长，但借助各类小信号，我们能快速地把文段删减一大半，最终只剩下第一句话，那么自然，阅览的时间也就跟着缩了一大半。)

有了这些信号，我们就能更快速地掌握各段落大意，了解文章结构，不仅读文章快了，找答案时也能更有目的性，能避免在与题目不相干的段落里浪费时间，答题准确率自然也会有所提升。那么，这些信号，今天你掌握了吗?友情提示：“信号”虽然能很大程度上协助阅读，但语言本身是灵活的，任何“信号”都只是一个参考方向，并非时刻万能。最重要的，还是要大家多练多积累，提升自身综合理解能力。