黑名单形同虚设:波士顿案嫌犯曾被列入恐怖分子观察名单

U.S. authorities put alleged Boston bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev on two separate watch lists in 2011 after Russian security agencies twice reached out to their American counterparts, raising new questions about missed opportunities to prevent the attack.

2011年，美国有关部门曾将波士顿爆炸案嫌犯塔梅尔兰•特萨尔纳伊夫(Tamerlan Tsarnaev)列入两份不同的观察名单。在那之前，俄罗斯安全机构曾两次主动接触美国安全部门。这一信息提出了新的疑问，即有关部门是否错过了阻止此次爆炸案发生的机会。

Russian officials contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation in March 2011, then reached out to the Central Intelligence Agency in September of that year, citing concerns Mr. Tsarnaev might have been associating with extremists, according to U.S. officials.

据美国官员透露，俄罗斯官员曾在2011年3月联系美国联邦调查局(FBI)，然后又在同年9月主动接触了美国中央情报局(CIA)，称特萨尔纳伊夫可能和极端分子存在联系。

The FBI has said it interviewed Mr. Tsarnaev and conducted a threat assessment, but found nothing 'derogatory' that could prompt further investigation. A U.S. law-enforcement official said the case was closed after three months, after the FBI asked Russian counterparts for additional information, but received none.

美国联邦调查局说，该机构曾找过特萨尔纳伊夫问话，也对他进行过威胁评估，但没有发现任何足以支持进一步调查的“非正常现象”。美国执法机构的一名官员说，美国联邦调查局曾向俄罗斯安全部门寻求更多信息，但一无所获。三个月之后便结案了。

U.S. officials said Wednesday that at the request of the CIA, Mr. Tsarnaev was added to a broad database called Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment, which holds hundreds of thousands of names flagged by multiple U.S. security agencies.

美国官员周三表示，应中央情报局的要求，特萨尔纳伊夫被列入了一个叫做“恐怖分子身份数据环境”(Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment)的大型数据库。这个数据库储存了数十万被美国多家安全机构重点关注的名字。

Because Mr. Tsarnaev was a permanent resident of the U.S., the CIA alerted relevant domestic agencies, including the FBI, 'specifying that Tamerlan may be of interest to them,' a U.S. intelligence official said.

一位美国情报官员说，由于特萨尔纳伊夫是美国永久居民，中央情报局曾提醒包括美国联邦调查局在内的相关国内机构，明确称他们可能会对特萨尔纳伊夫感兴趣。

The information Russia provided the CIA was 'identical' to what it gave the FBI in March 2011, another U.S. intelligence official said. It included two possible dates of birth for Mr. Tsarnaev, his name spelled in Cyrillic letters and a transliteration of the name that was different from what Mr. Tsarnaev used in official U.S. records.

另一位美国情报官员说，俄罗斯向中央情报局提供的信息与其2011年3月提供给美国联邦调查局的信息相同。其中包括特萨尔纳伊夫两个可能的出生日期，用西里尔字母拼写的他的名字，以及他名字的音译。这一音译同美国官方记录中使用的特萨尔纳伊夫的名字不同。

The apparent communication snags may at least partly be explained by the sometimes uneasy relationship between U.S. and Russian intelligence and law-enforcement agencies.

美俄情报和执法机构之间有时并不融洽的关系或许至少可以解释这种明显的沟通不畅。

Even since the bombings, information sharing between Russian and U.S. agencies has been 'a challenge,' a congressional aide briefed on the matter said.

一位听取了有关此事简报的美国国会助手说，甚至是在爆炸案发生以来，俄美情报机构之间的信息共享工作也面临挑战。

The FBI's earlier contact with Mr. Tsarnaev already had caused his name to be put in another database, called TECS, which is used by U.S. police and national-security agencies, two law-enforcement officials said.

两位美国执法机构的官员称，美国联邦调查局此前同特萨尔纳伊夫的接触已经导致他的名字被列入另外一个名叫TECS的数据库。该数据库主要为美国警方和国家安全机构所使用。

Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said Tuesday that U.S. authorities were aware when Mr. Tsarnaev traveled to Russia in January 2012, because the system 'pinged' when his name was entered in flight data.

美国国土安全部长纳波利塔诺(Janet Napolitano)周二说，美国有关部门清楚特萨尔纳伊夫2012年1月前往俄罗斯的信息，因为当他的名字被输入飞行数据时，系统曾有提示。

Because the FBI's earlier inquiry had been concluded without finding any terrorism concerns, there was no obvious reason to bar him from flying, U.S. officials said. Officials said the FBI and other agencies did as much as they legally were authorized, given the limited information passed on by Russian authorities.

美国官员说，由于美国联邦调查局此前的调查已经结束，且没有发现任何恐怖主义问题，所以没有明显理由禁止他飞行。有关官员说，鉴于俄罗斯方面传递的信息有限，美国联邦调查局和其它机构在法律授予的权限范围内已经竭尽所能。

The FBI and CIA decisions to add Mr. Tsarnaev to passive U.S. security databases are routine and intended to send alerts to other security agencies. Taking more investigative action, or putting him on a no-fly list, could have raised constitutional questions given the limited grounds for suspicion at the time, they said.

美国联邦调查局和中央情报局将特萨尔纳伊夫的名字列入美国被动安全数据库的决定是常规做法，旨在提醒其它安全机构。这些官员说，采取更多的调查行动，或将特萨尔纳伊夫列入禁飞名单可能会引发宪法方面的问题，因为当时怀疑特萨尔纳伊夫的理由有限。

More details emerged Wednesday about the bombing. Investigators believe the bombs were detonated using controls from remote-control model cars, two U.S. officials said. They are believed to have radio signals that reach only short distances, unlike more-sophisticated cellphone-activated detonators, the officials said.

周三浮现出更多有关此次爆炸案的细节。两名美国官员说，调查人员相信，炸弹是用遥控模型车使用的遥控装置引爆的。这两位官员说，和那些使用手机激活的、更为复杂的引爆装置不同，这种遥控装置据信只能发射短距离传输的无线电信号。